Carlo and the Chalet Geneve on Albert Park Lake

The Albert Park Lake Kiosk was officially opened on December 9, 1911 by the Mayor of South Melbourne, Cr Donald McArthur. His speech was reported in The Age - The kiosk was an ornamental and imposing structure, and it would add to the improvement and beautification of the park, which, with its area of 600 acres, gave breathing space to the the residents of the city and suburbs.... The park was a national park, open to everyone in and around Melbourne (1).

Also present were other South Melbourne Councillors, Councillors from St Kilda and other officials such as Henry Allen, Secretary of the Albert Park Committee and Carlo Catani. The Kiosk, later renamed the Chalet Geneve, was operated by Rosana Savary and her sisters, Frances and Katherine Mathieu. I have written in detail about the Chalet and the Mathieu sisters and their operation of the Chalet Geneve as well as the ones in the Fitzroy Gardens and Central Park, Malvern in another blog post, here (2). 

This post is about the role Carlo played in establishing the Albert Park Lake Kiosk and his reported speech on the day. We (3) have also found a photo of Carlo and a very rare photo of his wife, Catherine, at the opening ceremony, which you will see below.

The refreshment kiosk at Albert Park Lake was one part of grander plans for the Park proposed by the Albert Park Committee or Trust. In 1907, there were newspaper reports that £10,000 would be spent beautifying the park and that a scheme be prepared by Mr. Catani, engineer of the Public Works department, and the engineers of the two councils for consideration (4). Nothing came of this, but two years later the South Melbourne Council proposed a £20,000 scheme for improving Albert Park. It was suggested that once again Mr Catani should prepare a comprehensive scheme for the improvement of the park (5).  However, in the end the Council decided that they should call for competitive designs for the park and the winning designer would receive £50 (6). As the money for this scheme was not forthcoming it did not go ahead, however the Albert Park Committee, of which Carlo Catani was a member, proceeded with the idea of building a kiosk (7).

The Chalet Geneve, photographed on the opening day, December 9, 1911.

Punch, December 14, 1911 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/177535383#

Carlo was invited to speak at the opening and his speech was reported in the Prahran Telegraph thus - Mr C.Catani, C. E., said that to improve the park £25,000 would be required - as a beginning. They would have to begin by making a promontory to take off the flat look and to show the landscape. They required to raise the ground, and they wanted to get rid of the
Tips to the right of us,
Tips to the left of us,
Cows all around us.
They wanted the Government to give them a big waggon to bring plenty of good soil, so as to raise the level of the ground by two feet, and they wanted to plant trees properly. That would take money. It was up to the Trust to raise £25,000, and he would undertake that it was spent properly (8).

Tips to the right of us....

Prahran Telegraph, December 16, 1911, see https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/165112312

The report of the opening in the Prahran Telegraph had the heading - Albert Park Tea Kiosk. Official Opening. 'The Cow Ranch' (9). The Albert Park Committee allowed the agistment of cattle and other livestock in Albert Park, because it was a source of income. In 1907 it was reported that there were 129 horses, 210 cows and 43 calves in the Park (10).  At the opening of the Kiosk in December 1911, Cr Baragwanath of South Melbourne said the Trust had been doing a good bit of work up to date, but he would not be satisfied until the cows and horses were out of what he called the Cow Ranch (11).  Cr O'Donnell of St Kilda, responded to this the Trust had done its level best to improve the park, but he didn't know about getting rid of the cows which Cr Baragawanath talked of. The cows gave them an income of £600 a year, which enabled the Trust to improve the park (12).

One of the  tips which Carlo referrred, was still there in 1930. The burning off in the tip was apparently a source of distress to the thousands of people who attended the football at the Park, even though Miss Fitzpatrick, who was then the owner of the Chalet had no complaints (13).

Guests at the opening ceremony of the Chalet Geneve, December 9, 1911.

Punch, December 14, 1911 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/177535383#

This post is a brief look at the role Carlo played in the development and opening of the Albert Park Chalet. The guests at the ceremony are pictured above.  Seated at the first table on the left is the Mayor of South Melbourne, Cr Donald McArthur. Next to him is Henry Allen, then the dignified woman with the fur stole is Catherine Catani and next to her is Carlo. I have never seen a photo of Catherine before, so even though it is very grainy, it is gold.

The very rare photograph of Catherine Catani and Carlo.

Opening ceremony of the Chalet Geneve, December 9, 1911. Punch, December 14, 1911   https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/177535383#

Acknowledgement

It was my colleague, Isaac Hermann, who on closer examination of the photo of the guests at the opening of the Chalet Geneve, discovered that Carlo and Catherine were front and centre in the photo.  It was an amazing discovery. As I said, we have never seen a photo of Catherine before. Great work, Isaac. 

Trove - I created a list connected to the Albert Park Chalet and the two other refreshment kiosks operated by the Mathieu sisters - one in the Fitzroy Gardens and the other at Central Park, Malvern. Access it here.

Footnotes
(1) The Age, December 11, 1911, see here.
(2) https://victoriaspast.blogspot.com/2021/04/the-chalet-geneve-on-albert-park-lake.html
(3) I say we, but it was actually, Isaac. See the Acknowledgment.
(4) Emerald Hill Record, June 8, 1907, see here.

(5) Prahran Telegraph, August 28, 1909, see here.

(6) Prahran Telegraph, August 28, 1909, see here.

(7) Barnard, Jill & Keating, Jenny People's Playground: a history of the Albert Park (Chandos Publishing, 1996) p. 74.

(8) Prahran Telegraph, December 16, 1911, see here.

(9) Prahran Telegraph, December 16, 1911, see here.

(10) Barnard & Keating, op. cit, p. 70.

(11)  Prahran Telegraph, December 16, 1911, see here.

(12)  Prahran Telegraph, December 16, 1911, see here.

(13) Emerald Hill Record, June 7, 1930, see here.

Above the clouds - Trout fishing in Lake Catani

Carlo was responsible for opening some of Victoria's most scenic tourist areas, of which Mount Buffalo is the best-known. The road between Porepunkah and Mount Buffalo was engineered by Carlo and officially opened by the Victorian Premier, Thomas Bent, in October 1908. The Mount Buffalo Chalet, was opened around August 1910 and provided accommodation for the tourists (1).  

One of the attractions of the area was a lake, formed by the construction of  a weir across Eurobin Creek. The lake was 23 hectares (56 acres) in size. In January 1911, The Age reported that Acting on the suggestion of the Bright Shire Council, the Government has decided that the picturesque lake on the top of Mount Buffalo shall be named Lake Catani. This is considered to be a well-deserved recognition of the work done by Mr. Catani, chief engineer of the Public Works Department, in connection with the opening up of Mount Buffalo as a tourist resort. The construction of the lake was suggested and carried out by Mr Catani (2).

Lake Catani, Mt. Buffalo. Photographer: Alice Manfield.

State Library of Victoria Image H2003.97/5

Lake Catani was stocked with trout, and in January 1913 a 4lb trout was caught just below the weir, the largest trout that has yet been obtained, as Carlo was informed (3).  It's interesting that not only was Carlo informed of the catch, but it was reported in the newspapers (see below). There would be very few senior public servants today who are as well known or as respected.

A 4lb trout is caught in Lake Catani

The Herald, January 21 1913 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/241795620

There was another report of a record trout being caught in Lake Catani, a month later. This trout was caught when Carlo accompanied the Premier of Queensland, Mr Digby Denham (4) and his wife, Alice to Mount Buffalo.  The Denham's were on a trip to the southern States - From Adelaide, a visit was paid to the Buffalo, which was reached by motor. Mr. and Mrs. Denham were accompanied by Signor Catani, who is known as the "father of the Buffalo," and after whom the lake is called. In Lake Catani, the party caught a trout, weighing about 5lbs., which is remarkable, in that it was the first trout in

those parts to be taken by a hook. 

Carlo accompanies the Queensland Premier and Mrs Denham to Mount Buffalo

 and a record trout is caught.

The Brisbane Week, February 14,  1913 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/201058344/21115381#

A year later, in February 1914, The Argus (5) published a enthusiastic account of trout fishing in Lake Catani. I am sure if Carlo had read this, he would have been very happy to know that his work in creating a tourist resort was appreciated. The article is transcribed here and provides an interesting look at the resort on Mount Buffalo only a few years after its establishment

ABOVE THE CLOUDS - TROUT FISHING IN LAKE CATANI By J.O.S.

A few years ago a little splashing gurgling creek meandered across a plain on the top of Mount Buffalo and then threaded its course between the walls of a deep and rugged gorge and eventually found its way to the foot of the mount. What became of it afterwards is of small moment, but it doubtless made its way per the medium of deeper and wider streams to the sea. With the establishment of the comfortable  and commodious Government chalet on the Buffalo Plateau the idea occurred to somebody that it would be possible by the simple expedient of throwing a wall across a narrow part of the gorge to transform the somewhat unlovely marsh plain into a beautiful mountain lake and as a result Lake Catani is there to-day to gladden the eye of the tourist with its broad expanse of glittering sapphire water and to enhance the interest as well as the beauty of that wonderful region which has well earned its poetic title "The Garden of the Gods."

It seems incredible when one stands on the sloping shore of this beautiful sheet of water watching its rippling wavelets, rejoicing in the glory of its sixty broad acres that the hand of man had had anything to do with its creation. There are capes and promontories, bays and inlets, grass grown hanks spangled with wild flowers and where the sides of the gorge rise precipitously from the water, great snow gums thrive and throw their shadows over the deep and silent pools. When one stands on the top of the Monolith rock that huge and wonderful boulder 40ft in height balanced on the edge of a mighty granite outcrop-and gazes down into the shimmering blue depths immediately below, he is reminded of pictures he has seen of some beautiful Swiss like scene, and he wonders if the colouring is not too blue to be natural.

Lake Catani from the Monolith. Photographer: Alice Manfield.

State Library of Victoria Image H2003.95/99

Perhaps Lake Catani with all its fresh novelty and with all its beauties would possess but scanty charms for the tourist who is also something of an angler were it not plentifully stocked with English trout.  That beneficient Government that has done everything connected with the tourist's comfort and convenience on this wonderful mountain so well has attended to the business of stocking this lake in a manner quite on a par with its splendid work in other departments. To stand near the water on a balmy summer evening and see the surface agitated as far as one can see with leaping fish, one realises that the lake is literally teeming with trout. That they thrive well in this region there is no question. It is said that during the past four years the Government has liberated fifteen hundred yearling trout each season. It is on record properly authenticated that fish have already been taken over five pounds in weight. During the past three weeks I have caught dozens of trout in the lake, several weighing between two and three pounds, and scarely any under a pound and a half. These fish are lusty and full of fight and afford the best of sport. They rise readily to a grasshopper whipped on the surface (particularly in the evening) and they will take any ordinary ground bait such as worm, white grub or frog at any hour of the day. The best plan for frog bait fishing during the bright sunny hours is to cast well out from the bank for your trout is a shy, suspicious creature and if he sees you he forgets that he is hungry. As the shadows deepen and the water loses its transparency it is quite common to hook a good fish quite close to the waters edge.

Sunset, Lake Catani. Photographer: Alice Manfield.

State Library of Victoria Image H2003.97/50

It is only a pleasant quarter of an hour's walk from the Chalet to the lake and all the good fishing spots can be easily reached for there are a couple of excellent boats placed there for the convenience of visitors and a short pull will take you to any given point. From my impressions of a most enjoyable holiday just spent on the Buffalo, I am of opinion that this spot will soon attract great numbers of trout fishers who will be able to indulge in their favourite sport under the most favourable conditions. For in addition to the fishing ground being so close to the base thus obviating the usual necessity of exhausting tramps through miles of scrubby undergrowth, the Chalet itself offers all the comforts of a luxurious home and even a tired trout angler can appreciate the joys of a hot plunge and a cold shower after a busy day. Splendidly managed and capably staffed the comfortably built residence on the edge of the gorge is always a good place to come home to, and I know of nothing better than to drop into an easy posture on "Bent's Look-out" as the shades of evening deepen into purple, light a fragrant pipe, gaze over the miles of rolling hills and valleys that stretch below, and reflect that another heavy basket has gone round to the kitchen to be dealt with in due course by that very important member of the entourage - the chef.

I wonder if this is one of the excellent boats placed for the convenience of visitors, as referred to above. This photo also shows the weir, the construction of which, on the Eurobin Creek, formed Lake Catani.

Lake Catani, Mount Buffalo, c. 1911. Photographer: Herbert Percival Bennett.

State Library of Victoria Image H88.24/2. This photo was on a stereocard and has been cropped.

Three of the photographs on this page were taken by Alice Manfield (1878 - 1960).  Alice was born in 1878 to James Samuel Manfield and Jane Douglas Simpson, she was the eighth of their ten children (6). Alice married a cousin, John Edmund Manfield on December 1, 1917 at the Cecil Street Methodist Church in South Melbourne. They had a daughter, Genevieve, on June 3, 1919. Alice died July 14, 1960 (7).  Alice's father had acted as a guide to tourists on Mount Buffalo and in the late 1890s the Manfields built a Chalet or Hospice to accommodate guests (8). Alice acted as a guide, in fact, she was known as 'Guide Alice'.  So well known was she by this name that she used it in birth announcement of her daughter, Genevieve.

Birth announcement of Genevieve - love the use of 'Guide Alice' as her 'nee' name!

The Argus, June 7, 1919 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1476446

Alice was also a noted photographer and naturalist.  In 1924, she wrote a book The Lyre-Birds of Mount Buffalo. The introduction describes her as a fine horsewoman as well as a daring and skillful climber. It's a delightful book, only 22 pages long with her photographs of the lyre-bird from a chick to adulthood. The State Library of Victoria have it digitised, here. They also have hundreds of her photographs digitised - www.slv.vic.gov.au.  

A Studio portrait of Guide Alice. She was noted for wearing 'mens clothing' i.e. trousers 

in her everyday life as a guide and naturalist. 

State Library of Victoria Image H2003.95/145

On March 28, 1965, the Harrietville Historical Society unveiled a bronze plaque in Alice's memory on the site of the Manfield Chalet, which overlooked a gorge near Bent's Look-out. The plaque features an engraving of a lyre bird, taken from the cover photo of Alice's book, The Lyre-Birds of Mount Buffalo  (9).

The Alice Manfield Memorial Plaque at Mount Buffalo. 

Image courtesy of  Addi Lautman-Wurt  (© Addi Lautman-Wurt)

The Alice Manfield Memorial Plaque at Mount Buffalo.

Image courtesy of  Addi Lautman-Wurt  (© Addi Lautman-Wurt)

Acknowledgment: I am extremely grateful to Addi Lautman-Wurt for taking photographs of Alice's plaque at Mount Buffalo for this post, and to my research colleague, Isaac Hermann,  for arranging for the photos to be taken.

Footnotes

(1) My colleague, Isaac Hermann, and I have written more about Carlo's work on Mount Buffalo in our Victorian Collections story on Carlo Catani, see it here,   https://victoriancollections.net.au/stories/carlo-catani-an-engineering-star-over-victoria/mount-buffalo

(2) The Argus, January 24, 1911, see here.

(3) The Herald, January 21 1913, see here. 

(4) Digby Denham, Premier of Queensland, read his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry, here.  

(5) The Argus, February 7, 1914, see here.

(6) Information about Alice Manfield and her siblings comes from the Victorian Indexes to the Births, Deaths and Marriages. 

(7) I was alerted to the fact that Alice married and had a daughter, Genevieve in an article by Mary Ryllis Clark in The Age March 1, 1988 - this was an interview with Genevieve. Genevieve married Eric Gustave Baumgarten in 1951. Eric died 1975 aged 59 and Genevieve died in 2003 at the age of 83. Alice's death date taken from her Probate papers at the Public Records Office of Victoria. John Edmund Manfield died February 10, 1949. Alice and Edmund and Alice's parents are buried at Bright Cemetery. There are photos on-line here  - http://www.ozgenonline.com/~nhm_cemeteries/Bright_Cemetery/index.html

Alice Manfield's marriage notice

Punch, November 29, 1917 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article121083496

Death notice of John Manfield

The Age February 11, 1949 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article205363879

(8) Information about Manfield's Chalet came from The Mount Buffalo Story 1898-1998 by Danny Webb and Bob Adams (Melbourne University Press, 1998)

(9) The Age, March 29, 1965, p. 6. 

Carlo and the Point Gellibrand Pile Light

On Friday August 3, 1906 the Government steamer, the Lady Loch, sailed 12 miles down Port Phillip Bay, swung round so it was facing towards Melbourne and beneath the effulgence of a slightly obscured moon (1) the official party on board, including Carlo Catani, beheld the distinct and diamond-like beacon glittering clearly in the moonlight, leaving the backing of shore lights dull and dimmed  (2). This diamond-like beacon was the light of the newly erected Gellibrand Pile Light, which marked the reef  off Point Gellibrand, Williamstown, in Hobson's Bay. 

Other officials on the Lady Loch, included the Minister for Public Works, Ewen Cameron; the secretary of Public Works, David Martin; the inspector-general of Public Works, William Davidson;  the chief engineer of Ports and Harbours, Charles William Maclean; the Surveyor General, Joseph Martin Reed, as well as the Secretary of the Sea Pilots and members of the Marine Board. On the journey back to Port Melbourne tea was partaken of, and much admiration of the light was expressed in speeches later on, delivered by amongst others Mr. Maclean, Mr. Davidson and Carlo Catani and due credit  was given to Messrs. Davidson and Catani, under whose supervision it was constructed (3).

Location of Gellibrand Lightship, off Williamstown. This 1866 chart clearly shows the reef. The numbers are the water depth in feet.

Cropped from - Victoria-Australia, Port Phillip. Hobson Bay and River Yarra leading to Melbourne, surveyed by H.L. Cox ; assisted by Thos. Bourchier & P.H. McHugh, 1864 ; engraved by J. & C. Walker. London : Published by the Admiralty 1866. State Library of Victoria http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/114259

The reef off Port Gellibrand  was first marked by  a light in 1859, when a temporary lightship was moored there (4). It was replaced in 1860 at a cost of  £3,130, by  a new lightship built by W & G. White, Shipwrights and Boat builders of Williamstown (5).  They are called a lightship, not a lighthouse, because they are ships or other structures with a light,  moored in the water.  This creates its own  problems and there are various reports that during heavy weather, the light 'parted its moorings.' (6). 

Notification of the placement of a lightship off Gellibrand Point, in 1859.

Victoria Government Gazette June 30, 1859  http://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/images/1859/V/general/101.pdf

In 1895, it was reported that the lightship was replaced by the the circular light ship which has done service at Swan Spit in the West Channel replacing the one that has been moored off the point for many years (7). This light also had instances of breaking away from its moorings and being replaced with inadequate lights in terms of height and visiblity. For instance in March 1906 the Victorian Sea Pilots said a replacement light was too low  - only 15 feet high as opposed to the permanent light which was 38 feet above high water level and only tithe of the brilliancy of the previous beacon (8).  Added to this was that there was an increasing number of electric lights on the shore and it was sometimes hard to pick up the light amongst the shore lights (9).

It was decided in 1906 to erect a permanent fixed light to mark the reef at Point Gellibrand and this was the light that was reported to have been constructed under Carlo and William Davidson's supervision. 

In August 1906, the  Williamstown Chronicle had a good report of this new light -

An important event in connection with the shipping of the port took place last night, when the new lighthouse erected off the Point Gellibrand reef, Williamstown, was formally opened. The structure has been in course of erection for some months, and takes the place of the old Gellibrand light-ship. The contract for its erection was let to Messrs Ross, Fraser and Patience with a stipulation that it was to be completed by the end of July, so they are up to time in that respect. The new light has an altitude of 50 feet, and an illuminating capacity equal to 2,500 candle-power, and will, it is anticipated, be visible in clear weather at a distance of 12½ miles from the deck of an ordinary-sized ship. The light belongs to what is known as the "second order." It is equipped with an incandescent burner similar to the type used for lighting purposes in France, and is, it is believed, the first of its kind used in Australia. In addition to great efficiency as an illuminating agent, it is claimed that the burner is exceedingly economical, and will do all required of it in this direction at the expenditure of a few pints of petroleum per night. The new lighthouse stands on 36 piles, varying in length from 70 feet feet to 80 feet. They have been driven into the bottom of the bay, which is of a clayey nature at the spot, to a depth of nine feet, and will, it is expected, effectually resist the heavy seas which occasionally occur in Port Phillip. In the erection of the light house profitable use has been made of the old lightship, the entire upper portion of which consisting of men's quarters, tower, etc., having been used, a considerable saving in cost being thereby effected. This section has been completely renovated, all the work pertaining thereto having been carried out by the employes of the Government dock yard at Williamstown under the direction and supervision of Mr C. W. Maclean, Engineer of Ports and Harbors (10).

This is the Point Gellibrand lightship in the dry dock in 1906, before the upper portion of this structure, the living sections and the light tower, were removed to be used in the new pile light.

Point Gellibrand Lightship in dry dock, 1906.Photographer: Thomas McKenzie Hill. 

State Library of Victoria Image H2004.84/28

The Age report, from August 1906, on the new pile light had other details on the workings of the light  - A powerful ray is thrown from the lantern, produced by a petroleum incandescent burner designed under the supervision of Mr. Maclean, Engineer in Charge of Ports and Harbors, and made by Mr. Henri Galopin (11) after the French lighthouse pattern. The lenses used are dioptric. By means of clockwork the light is rendered occulting, and changes color within certain sectors from white to red. It exhibits a full glare for 15 seconds, and is then eclipsed for 3 seconds. On the principal courses of ships, from the South Channel, West Channel, Portarlington and Geelong the white light is seen for 6 seconds, then the red appears for 3 seconds, and again the white appears for 6 seconds, after which it disappears. As mariners approach the shores of the Bay on either side the light becomes entirely red (12).

Point Gellibrand Pile Light

Public Records Office of Victoria - Melbourne Harbour Trust Commissioners, 

Progress of the Port of Melbourne - Lantern Slide 82 

This wonderful postcard shows the Loongana and the Gellibrand Point Pile Light.

The Loongana was built in Scotland and arrived in Melbourne in October 1904; she operated a passenger service between Melbourne and Launceston. (13)

Image: Isaac Hermann

The Gellibrand Pile Light had a living quarters for the keeper and his family and it was continuously manned. The Taylor family, Bill and Louisa and their children. Juanita and Max, occupying the quarters from 1934 until 1951 (14). In June 1946, The Herald newspaper visited the family and wrote an article about their life on a lighthouse.

Twenty year old Juanita and 16 year old Max on the Gellibrand light.

The Herald, June 20, 1946. Photographer: Laurie Richards. More photographs here  https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/245538261

The Point Gellibrand Light Pile is shown in this photo from April 1973. 

It was a slide taken by my husband, John Arnold. He was working on the tug, the Elton Griffin at the time. Thank you to Ian Black who identified the wreck - The wreck being salvaged is the steam tug Melbourne which sank after colliding with the passenger/cargo ship Nieuw Holland in July 1972 with the loss of 5 crew. 

On  June 21, 1976 the Melbourne Trader, a 5,500 ton cargo ship in thick fog ploughed into the light after running aground. The light ended up with a 30 degree lean with the eastern side 3 metres below water. The Government already had plans to erect a new light, at a cost of $120,000. It was estimated that it would cost $500,000 to restore the historic light.  Two days after the light was hit, it was set alight by the Public Works Department as it was considered to be too dangerous for it to be dismantled manually and a shipping hazard  if it had broken up (15). The main light tower was given to the National Trust where it was displayed at the Polly Woodside Maritime Museum and in 2019 it was given to Seaworks at Williamstown (16).  

The team from the Dallas Brooks inspecting the Gellibrand Pile Light, after it was hit by the Melbourne Trader on June 1, 1976. 

The Age, June 23, 1976, from Newspapers.com on Ancestry. 

Acknowledgment

It was my fellow historian, Isaac Hermann, who alerted me to Carlo's connection to the Gellibrand light. Thank you, Isaac.

Trove list

I have created a short list of articles on Trove, on the Gellibrand Point light, access it here.

Footnotes

(1) The Age August 4, 1906, see here.

(2) The Argus, August 4, 1906, see here.

(3) The quotes and report of the Lady Loch trip come from The Age August 4, 1906, see here and The Argus, August 4, 1906, see here.

(4) Victoria Government Gazette, June 30, 1859, see here.  

(5) Acceptance of tender to build the lightship was published in the Victoria Government Gazette, July 17, 1860, see here.

Acceptance of W. & G. White's tender.

(6) See my Trove list, here, for reports.

(7) The Age, March 5, 1895, see here.

(8) The Herald, March 10, 1906, see here.

(9) See my Trove list, here, for reports.

(10) Williamstown Chronicle, August 4 1906, see here.

(11) Henri Galopin - inventor and instrument maker. He died March 1, 1933, aged 82. There was an account of his life in The Leader September 18, 1897, see here. He's an interesing man, I will write about him one day.

(12) The Age, August 4, 1906, see here.

(13) More information on the Loongana http://ssmaritime.com/SS-Loongana.htm from the Remembering the Classic Liners of Yesteryear website compiled by Dr Reuben Goossens.

(14) https://lighthouses.org.au/vic/point-gellibrand-pile-light/

(15)  Reports in The Age, on June 22, June 23 & June 24, 1976. Available on Newspapers.com an add-on to Ancstry. 

(16) https://maribyrnonghobsonsbay.starweekly.com.au/news/gellibrand-pile-light-finds-her-way-back-home/

Carlo Catani and Wattle trees

The wattle tree grows prolifically on the Koo Wee Rup Swamp. Even 130 years after the Swamp was drained in accordance with plans drawn up by William Thwaites, Chief Engineer of the Public Works Department and later plans developed by Carlo Catani, the black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) still sprouts up anytime and anywhere. It flowers from late July to mid August and is just spectacular. Carlo Catani had a love of wattles; did this love develop from his many trips to the Koo Wee Rup Swamp and seeing the wattles in bloom?  I would like to think so. This is a post celebrating Carlo's fondness of the  wattle. 

This is the Main Drain of the Koo Wee Rup Swamp, the drain which was part of William Thwaites' original drainage plan, and self-seeded wattles.

  Looking east from the Eleven Mile bridge at Vervale/Cora Lynn, taken July 31, 2011.

In 1904, the Public Works Department planted 1500 wattle trees, comprising 40 species, along the Alexandra Avenue (1). This would have been at the direction of Carlo Catani who designed the Avenue and the adjoining Alexandra Gardens. A visitor from Western Australia described these trees a year later - Off Alexandra Drive Mr. Catani has a magnificent grove of wattles, now in full bloom, forming a magnificent sight, charming the eye and diffusing a subtle perfume (2). A report in 1909 said the collection of acacias or wattles in the avenue has been the admiration of the thousands of persons who have visited this truly lovely spot (3).

If you know wattles then you know that they can tend to get a bit straggly and have a short life-span or as The Australasian reported in 1909 -  Many of the acacias have the reputation of being short-lived, and this is correct if the plants are left to themselves; but it is well known that longevity in many trees may be promoted by judicious pruning and attention to watering in the dry weather. Mr. G. W. Cooper, the intelligent head gardener at this place, lays great stress on the value of pruning these plants immediately after they have done flowering. Numerous tall growing kinds may be kept within reasonable dimensions, and even the medium growers or those of bush habit may be kept quite dwarf by using the knife (4).

George Cooper worked with Carlo Catani from 1900 on the landscaping of Alexandra Avenue and at the Alexandra Gardens, where he was the head curator until 1917.  George Cooper not only worked with Carlo but deserves equal praise and recognition for making the Alexandra Gardens  one of Melbourne's most picturesque embellishments (5).  I have written about him, here. George Cooper was also an expert on wattles who developed a wattle variety the "knife-leaved" wattle (A. cultrifoixuis) is very distinct, and is one of the best, but there is a variety of it which is of deeper colour, of dwarfer habit, a profuse bloomer, and with much closer set foliage than its parent; it originated in these gardens, and it is proposed to name it Cooperi, in honour of the head gardener (6). It would be interesting to know if this ever happened and if there is a George Cooper wattle. 

The wattle planting was not just confined to Alexandra Avenue, in 1904 wattles were planted at Richmond Park, also known as the Survey Paddock. Richmond Park is located in the bend of the Yarra River, surrounded on the north, west and south by the Yarra Boulevard (7). The planting was reported  in The Age - In referring to-day to the wattle planting along the Alexandra Avenue. Mr Catani, of the Public Works Department, mentioned what had been done to also improve in the same way the Richmond Park, formerly known as the Survey paddock. On the high bank of the park, along the river, he said, wattles had been planted for some time, and were now being extended from the Hawthorn road bridge, to the Hawthorn railway bridge. The work was he remarked being carried out under the direction of the Richmond Park committee of which Mr David Martin, secretary of Public Works, was Chairman. A suitable approach was also in course of formation from Bridge road to the avenue. At an early date the trees would be in bloom. "I think," added the engineer with a smile mingled with a touch of enthusiasm, "we will soon restore to a once-beautiful stream, some suggestion of its pristine charms" (8). An ambitious claim indeeed to believe the Yarra could be restored to even a suggestion of pristine charm, but this repesents the enthusiasm and hope that characterised Carlo.

There was more planting of native trees in 1913, on the north bank of the Yarra, on the east side of the Anderson Street bridge, also known as the Morell bridge. The tree planting took place in conjuction with Arbor Day on June 27, 1913. The ground, which was part of the old river bed, was prepared under the supervision of Carlo Catani, by George Cooper and his team. It was hoped that the planting will present an agreeable contrast to the odious tip still occupying the remaining part of the river bed on the other side of the bridge. With the exception of an avenue of deciduous trees along the river road, the planting is to consist entirely of Australian trees, such as mahgony gums, West Australian redgums and red flowering gums, lemon scented gums, flame trees, Bunya Bunya pines, waratahs, lilly pillies, grevilleas, wattles, and smaller plants (9). 

The plan for the planting of the 'All-Australian' plantation on June 27, 1913.

The Argus, June 27, 1913. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/10792411

The Herald reported that with the exception of a border of Australian plants in the Botanical Gardens, this will be the first "All-Australian" plantation ever laid down (10). 138 trees were planted of which 100 were Australian varieties and the rest English deciduous. It was a well attended function, over 1,000 people, including many local school children, were reported to have been present. The first tree was planted by the State Governor, Sir John Fuller, it was a mahogany gum (Eucalyplus botryoides). Sir John Madden, the Chief Justice, planted the next tree, a Western Australian red gum (Eucalyptus calophylla). Other dignatories also planted trees, including Carlo. The planting was supported by the Australian Forest League, the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria and the Australian Natives' Association (11).

The Governor, Sir John Fuller, addressing the children at the 'All-Australian' planting 

on June 27, 1913. 

Punch, July 3, 1913 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/176547645

It has been suggested that the planting of wattle trees on Alexandra Avenue and near the Anderson Street bridge, may have been due to the influence of the Premier, Sir Thomas Bent. For instance in 1909 it was reported that it is about five years since the late Sir Thomas Bent, then Premier, expressed a desire that a number of our native acacias should be planted on some then vacant ground, near the banks of the river (12). And in 1913 The Herald wrote this about why native trees were planted near the Anderson Street bridge in this connection the Government has followed in the direction of Sir Thomas Bent, who was an enthusiastic admirer of all Australian flora, and wattles in particular (13). It may be so, but I prefer my interpretation that it was Carlo and George Cooper who influeneced the planting and they may well have influenced the Premier.  It was well known that Carlo was fond of wattles. The Prahran Telegraph, in article about the landscaping on the St Kilda foreshore said this Mr. Catani has much to say also in favour of the Australian wattle as an ornamental addition to the parks and reserves (14). 

As more evidence of Carlo's fondness for the wattle in 1911, member of Parliament, Harry Lawson, wrote a letter to his local paper, The Mount Alexander Mail. The letter set out a list of wattles, suggested by Carlo, which could be planted so you would have blooms all year round.

WATTLE DAY.
Sir,— With reference to the observance of Wattle Day, I desire to inform you that I recently obtained from Mr Catani, the Chief Engineer of the Public Works Department, a plan for planting different varieties of acacias, whereby it is claimed that perpetual bloom is secured. Mr Catani designed Alexandra Avenue, which is still under his care and supervision. I have inspected his wattle plantations (containing 44 varieties), where the plan is in operation. Mr Catani tells me that he has proved the scheme by actual experience. As it may be of interest to your readers, I enclose the list. You may be able to find space for them in your columns. —
Yours, etc., HARRY S.W. LAWSON State Parliament House, August 31st, 1911.

Time of Blooming, January. Common Name, New Year Wattle. Botanic Name, Acacia Elata.
February, Lightwood Wattle, Acacia Implexa.
March, Maiden Wattle, Acacia Maidenii.
April, Whipstick Wattle, Acacia Retinodes.
May, Sunshine Wattle, Acacia Discolor.
June, Sweetscented Wattle, Acacia Sauveolens.
July, Cootamundra Wattle, Acacia Baileyana.
August, Silver Wattle, Acacia Dealbata.
August, Coastal Wattle, Acacia Longifolia.
September, Golden Wattle, Acacia Pycnantha (also Acacia Spectabrilisy)
September, Latrobe Wattle, Acacia Acinacens.
October, Scrub Wattle. Acacia Leprosa.
October, Western Wattle,  Acacia Macradenia.
November, Black Wattle, Acacia Mollissima.
December, Black Wattle, Acacia Mollissima (15).

More Koo Wee Rup Swamp self-seeded wattles.

Main Drain Road, looking west from the Eleven Mile Bridge at Cora Lynn, taken July 31, 2011.

In 1932, a bequest of £5000 from Sir Sidney Myer was reported of in The Herald. The paper had hoped that the generous bequest will forge another link in the scheme for a chain of boulevards and parks along the River Yarra. The scheme was first visualised many years ago by the late Mr Catani, of the Public Works Department. His idea was that a river boulevard should run from the city to Yarra Glen, where it would join the Healesville Road and link up with the highway over the Black Spur and the mountains beyond. Mr Catani's vision was one which has caught the imagination of town planners and beautifiers ever since. Many proposals have been made, although no official comprehensive plan exists....Among the many suggestions made in connection with the boulevard was one that it should be planted with wattles, and known as the Golden Highway (16). How wonderful that would have been and it could have happened if the politicians of the day had the vision and appreciation of beauty that Carlo had.

Acknowledgment

I was alerted to the Alexandra Gardens wattle grove and the all-Australian plantation at the Anderson Street bridge, by my fellow historian and Carlo enthusiast, Isaac Hermann. Thank you.

Trove list 

I have created a short list of articles connected to Carlo and Wattles and the all-Australian plantation on Trove, access it here.

Footnotes

(1) The Advocate, August 27, 1904, see here.

(2) The West Australian, August 4, 1905, see here.

(3) The Australasian, September 25, 1909, see here.

(4) The Australasian, September 25, 1909, see here.

(5) The Age, February 1, 1929, see here.

(6) The Australasian, September 25, 1909, see here.

(7)  Location of Richmond Park

Richmond Park, is bottom left. This is from the Melway Street Directory, Edition 10, 1977.

(8) The Age, August 25, 1904, see here.

(9) The Argus, June 27 1913, see here.

(10) The Herald, June 18, 1913, see here.

(11) The Herald, June 18, 1913, see here. See my Trove list for other articles about planting near the Anderson Street bridge.

(12) The Australasian, September 25, 1909, see here.

(13) The Herald, June 18, 1913, see here

(14) Prahran Telegraph, September 13, 1913 see here.

(15) Mount Alexander Mail, September 1, 1913, see here.

(16) The Age, November 15, 1932, see here.

You Yangs - the track to the summit of Flinders Peak

The Geelong Advertiser of  October 12, 1911 published this short report - As a spot for tourists, the You Yangs is one of Geelong's neglected assets. Some time ago it was proposed to have a vehicle track laid to the summit where in time a hospice might be created. Mr J. F. Farrer, M.L.A., has been in communication with the Government Tourist Bureau with a request that Mr. Catani, or one of his staff, should be instructed to survey a well-graded track to the crest of the peak. The secretary of the bureau has notified Mr. Farrer, that the proposal has been remitted to Mr. Catani for consideration. It is estimated that a track would cost £600 (1).

A few months later in January 1912,  the Geelong Advertiser followed up on the matter In furtherance of Government's policy for developing the picturesque portions of Victoria available to tourist traffic it was some time ago suggested that a  road to the top of the You Yangs should be constructed. Mr Catani, chief engineer of the Public Works Department, subsequently promised that the necessary survey would be made. Mr Catani yesterday said that stress of work had hitherto precluded the keepmg of that promise. As soon, however, as the surveyor now engaged at the Grampians concluded his work he would be sent to the You Yangs. The survey of the latter would certainly be made within the present month (2).

A year later, the Government would only go ahead with the road if the Geelong community  contributed £50 towards the cost (3). The money was collected by the Geelong Progress Association of which Mr Jonas Blakiston (4), a local carrier and shipping agent, was President.

There are very few photographs that I could find taken at the You Yangs (as opposed to those taken of the You Yangs). This one, taken by Herbert Bishop is of John Henry Bishop, his father and uncle at the foot of Flinders Peak, You Yangs, taken in 1916. Perhaps, after this photo was taken, they then traversed to the summit and admired the view and the scenery.

State Library of Victoria Image H87.34/218

The track to Flinders Peak was declared open  on August 23, 1913 by the Surveyor General, Mr J. M. Reed (5) after Mrs Anderson, the Mayoress of Geelong, cut a ribbon stretched across the road. 500 people attended the opening including other Government officials - Mr. Catani, engineer-in-chief for public works; Mr. Kermode, of the Lands Department; the local members of Parliament including William Plain, M.L.A. (6) who was one of the chief supporters of the road.  The  Mayors of Geelong, Geelong West, Newtown & Chilwell and the Shire President of Corio were also in attendance. There were a few speeches including one by Mr Richardson, M.L.C  who said it was the first time he had been to the You Yang as  it was not convenient and there was not easy access to the place. He trusted that the road would lead to further attractions. Geelong had not got its fair share in grants for tourist purposes. At Mt. Buffalo and elsewhere large sums of money had been spent (7). 

The Surveyor General, Mr Reed said in his speech The Tourist Bureau, comprising himself, Mr. Catani, and the Secretary for Railways, looked upon the encouragement of tourists as a kind of recreation. They enjoyed the work of improving the beauty spots of Victoria. They had the opportunity of recommending a sum of money for this road, but whatever money they were granted bv the Government was supplemented by generous contributions...Flinders Peak was a decided asset to Geelong... The road was not yet complete, and would be still further improved. Part of the scheme provided for a shelter shed, but there were no funds available at the present time. He would commend this work to the people of Geelong and ask their co-operation in securing a shed. He would like to see it installed for the coming summer season (8).

After Mr Reed's speech a number of trees were planted by school children, members of the Wattle League and the three Geelong newspapers. The whole road was then traversed to the summit of the peak, where Mr. J. Blakiston presented a cast iron indicator placed upon a high boulder; it names the landmarks for miles around... [Mr Blakiston] felt pleased in presenting this indicator to Messrs. Reed and Catani, as representatives of the Tourist Bureau. Mr. Catani returned thanks. He would accept it on behalf of his fellow citizens and fellow colonists. He would take Mr. Richardson to task for saying that there was need to improve the beauty spots of Victoria: they did not require improvement they only needed to be made accessible. He thought a nice place where they could take shelter would greatly improve the You Yangs (9).

The last speaker was Rev. E. L. Watkin, Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society of Victoria who gave a history of the area and on the life of Matthew Flinders, after whom Flinders Peak was named. 

Mr Plain, M.L.A., and Mr Blakiston spent many months trying to interest the Geelong community to fund shelter sheds and in November 1913 he sent on to Mr Blakiston yesterday a plan copy of a rustic hut suggested by the Tourist Bureau as suitable for the You Yangs. It is a solid structure of logs and sap- lings, hexagonal in shape, with 8ft . 6in. head clearance, and roofed with iron. The sides are open, with the exception of a rough frieze behind the log seat. The design is very popular at Fern Tree Gully, and the department suggests that one should be erected at the terminus of the You Yangs road, and another in a sheltered vale near the trigonometrical station (10).

Six months later the shelter shed were still not constructed or as the Geelong Advertiser put it in February 1914 - the proposal to have two shelter sheds erected at the reserve has fallen flat, and it may be remembered that Geelong does not sufficiently appreciate its mountain asset. Perhaps the reason is that it is too richly endowed with coastal resorts (11).

At the end of May 1914 the track was extended by the constuction of  a bridle track which allowed better access and indeed a gentleman aged 84 years completed the climb from the road terminus over the new track to the summit in 40 minutes without distress (12). Work was finally started in September on the shelter sheds (13).  I don't know if the work was completed, it may have been put on hold due to the War, but in 1925 the next newspaper reports I can find, the subject was back on the table. The Geelong Advertiser reported that it might be worth while to consider seriously the erection of some kind of shelter-shed on Flinders Peak, a project which has been mentioned once or twice lately by officials of the Tourist Bureau, and others (14).  There was also concern about the condition of the track and  a newly formed committee wanted to raise money to repair the track so that the work of Mr W. Plain and others who raised sufficient funds to have the track constructed many years ago would not go for nought (16). 

Carlo and Mr Plain, M.L.A and Mr Blakiston and others saw the beauty of the You Yangs but had   a difficult time, it seems persuading the rest of  community of Geelong to contribute to make that beauty more accessible. 

Trove list - I have created a list of newspaper articles in this issue on Trove, access it here.

Footnotes

(1) Geelong Advertiser, October 12, 1911, see here.
(2) Geelong Advertiser, January 6, 1912, see here.

(3) Geelong Advertiser, January 9, 1913, see here.

(4) Jonas Blakiston, died at the age of 82 in 1933. You can read his obituary in The Argus April 17, 1933, see here.

(5) Joseph Martin Reed was appointed the Surveyor General in 1899. You can read his life in this article in the Weekly Times, August 19, 1899, here and his obituary in the Korumburra Great Southern Advocate of June 30, 1932, here.

(6) William Plain (1868-1961), read his entry in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, here.
(7) An extensive report of the road opening was in the Geelong Advertiser of August 25, 1913, see here.
(8) Geelong Advertiser, August 25, 1913, see here.

(9) Geelong Advertiser, August 25, 1913, see here.

(10) Geelong Advertiser, November 15, 1913, see here.
(11) Geelong Advertiser, February 27, 1914, see here.

(12) Geelong Advertiser, May 26, 1914, see here.

(13) Geelong Advertiser, September 19, 1914 see here.

(14) Geelong Advertiser, May 30, 1925, see here.

(15) Geelong Advertiser, September 21, 1925, see here.

Paintings of Lake Catani

One of the paintings exhibited at the Victorian Artists' Society Annual Exhibition of Paintings in October 1911, was Lake Catani, Buffalo Mountains by John Ford Paterson (1).  Lake Catani was part of Carlo's vision to make Mount Buffalo a year round tourist resort. Work in the area began in January 1908 on the road, which was engineered by Carlo, linking Porepunkah and Mount Buffalo. The road was completed in the October. Carlo and the Public Works Department also created a 23 hectare lake, often referred to as a skating lake, through the damming of the Eurobin Creek and the construction of a  weir. In January 1911, this lake was named in honour of Carlo Catani at the suggestion of the Bright Shire Council in recognition of the work undertaken by Catani in opening up the mountain as a tourist resort. Other projects on Mt Buffalo included a golf course and more famously, the Chalet, which opened in August 1910.  You can read more about Carlo and Mount Buffalo in our (2) Victorian Collections, story, here.

There are many postcards and photographs of Lake Catani, but very few paintings, so I was interested to 'discover' John Ford Paterson's painting, which was acquired by the Queensland Art Galley in November 1912 (3). The Hobart Mercury reported on this acquisition  - Two years ago Mr. Paterson made many sketches of the district, and in his finished work conveys a fine impression of the lake. The scheme is grey, with the background of hills and gum forest reflected on the water. A group of cattle is shown in the middle distance. The whole composition and colour scheme are in harmony, and thoroughly characteristic of the painter's final methods. This picture has a special interest as being the last important work painted by him (4).

Lake Catani, Buffalo Mountains -  John Ford Paterson. 1911.

Queensland Art Galley https://blog.qagoma.qld.gov.au/blog-1-0123_007/

John Ford Paterson was born in Dundee in Scotland in 1851 and studied at the Royal Scottish Academy Schools in Edinburgh. He came to Melbourne in 1872, returned to Scotland three years later, where he remained until 1884; when he then came back to Melbourne. He died suddenly at the age of 62, in July 1912 (5). In 1929, the Brisbane Courier wrote this about John Ford Paterson - There was one thing which Mr. Paterson perhaps suggested better than any other of our artists, and that was the mystery of the bush. He has a definite place among those who have worthily interpreted the character of the landscape (6).

In November 1932, the Grosvenor Gallery in Melbourne held a memorial exhibition of John Ford Paterson's paintings. Arthur Streeton reviewed it for The Argus and he described the Lake Catani painting as another rare expression of his gems (7). I am not sure if the word should have been genius and not gems and it was a misprint by the paper, either way, it is high praise from Arthur Streeton.

John was the brother of Charles Stewart Paterson of the firm Paterson Bros, which later monopolized the decoration of wealthy homes and such public buildings as Government House, Melbourne Town Hall, the Parliamentary Library and the Prahran Public Library. Another brother was the artist, Hugh Paterson, who was the father of Esther Ford and Betty Ford, who were also artists. His sister, Mary, was the mother of Louis Esson, the poet and dramatist (8).

I have found three other newspaper reports of paintings of Lake Catani - Lake Catani, Mount Buffalo, Victoria a water colour by Mrs W. G. Torr, exhibited at her solo show at the Society of Arts Gallery in Adelaide in June 1921 (9); Frost and Snow on Lake Catani, by water colourist and printmaker, Elsie Barlow, exhibited with the Victorian Artists' Society in April 1926 (10) and oil painting, Lake Catani,  by William Rowell, exhibited in 1945 (11). 

Mrs W. G. Torr was Mary Frances Torr.  Mary was born in Brighton in Melbourne in 1857 to John and Ann (nee Creswell) Walter. She married David Buchan in 1886, who died in 1891.  In 1912 she married William George Torr (12) who had established Old Oxford House in Adelaide in 1909 as a Methodist Training College. He was also a noted collector of shells (13).  A report of the 1921 exhibition, where the Lake Catani painting was displayed said that the list [of sold paintings] is a sufficient indication of Mrs. Torr's versatility, and of the attractive nature of her pictures. She is well known as an exhibitor at the annual displays of the Society of Arts, a good colourist with an unfailing eye for the picturesque (14). Mary exhibited at the Society of Arts show in September 1925 and the Adelaide Register reported that Mrs. W. G. Torr's exhibits constitute an agreeable show, and her watercolours reveal an intimate communion with Nature out of doors (15).  In 1928 she donated two paintings to decorate Old Oxford House or as it was reported they were given two choice paintings from Mrs. W. G. Torr.  Mrs. Torr is well to the front among artists, consequently her contributions are worthy of a place in the best art gallery in the State (16).  I can't find any references to Mary practising as an artist as Mary Walter or Mary Buchan. Mary died in Brighton in Adelaide at the age of 80 in 1937 (17). 

Elsie Frederica Barlow was born in Emerald Hill (South Melbourne) in 1876 to  Sidney and Charlotte (nee Hemsley) Hake. She attended Faireleight Girls School (18) in St Kilda where she was taught art by Jane Sutherland (19).  Elsie later attended School of Design at the National Gallery in Melbourne (20) and she was a member of the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors (21). Elsie was instrumental in establishing the Castlemaine Art Gallery in 1913. She was living in Castlemaine as her husband, Arthur, was the police magistrate in the area and after exhibiting some of her work, she formed the committee to establish a permanent gallery in the town (22).  Elsie died in 1948 in Mentone.

William Rowell was the acting head of the National Gallery art school in Melbourne and died in 1946, aged 48 (23).

Where are these three paintings now? Mary Torr's painting was one of the works sold at her 1921 exhibiton, but that is all I can tell you. 

Trove list - I have created a list of articles on Trove connected to  John Ford Paterson's Lake Catani and the works by Mary Torr, Elsie Barlow and William Rowell. Access the list, here.

Footnotes
(1) The Age October 14, 1911, see here.

(2) The Victorian Collections story Carlo Catani: An engineering star over Victoria was resarched and written by myself and my fellow historian, Isaac Hermann.
(3) Leader November 30, 1912, see here.

(4) Hobart Mercury, December 2, 1912, see here.

(5) John Ford Paterson entry in the  Australian Dictionary of Biography, by Marjorie Tipping   https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/paterson-john-ford-4372

(6) Brisbane Courier, August 10 1929, see here.

(7) The Argus, November 10, 1932, see here.

(8) Information and the quote is from the Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB) entry, see footnote  5. There is information about Esther Paterson in the ADB entry of her husband, George Gill, here. Louis Esson's ADB entry is here.

(9) Adelaide Register, June 16 1921, see here.

(10) The Herald, April 26, 1926 see here. William Rowell and Esther Paterson, John Ford Paterson's niece, also had work in the same exhibition.

(11) The Age, July 31, 1945, see here.

(12) Victorian Births, Deaths and Marriages. I was helped by the information provided in William Torr's ADB entry, see next footnote. 

(13) William George Torr (1853-1939) See his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry, written by Arnold D, Hunt, here. There is  a history ot Old Oxford House in the Adelaide Advertiser of July 13, 1937, here, written on the occasion of its conversion to a Methodist Babies Home.

(14) Adelaide Register, June 16 1921, see here.

(15) Adelaide Register, September 16 1925, see here.

(16) Australian Christian Commonwealth, July 6, 1928, see here.

(17) Genealogy SA www.genealogysa.org.au

(18) Faireleight School,  established in 1870. When Isabella Henderson took over in 1910 she changed the name to Clyde. In 1920, Miss Henderson then opened a boarding school in Woodend, called it Clyde and thus the St Kilda school reverted back to the name of Faireleight. It closed in 1923. It was located at what is now 134 Alma Road, East St Kilda.

(19) Jane Sutherland (1853 - 1928) See her entry in the  Australian Dictionary of Biography, written by Frances Lindsay, here.

(20) Information about Elsie Barlow is from https://www.australian-art-gallery.com/australian-artists/Elsie-Frederica-Barlow-A375.htm This site incorrectly states that she was born in South Australia, she was actually born in Emerald Hill (South Melbourne). She had at least three other sisters born in Victoria -  Rose, Dora and Ruby. Dora, whose married name was Serle, was also an artist and  a member of the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors (see next footnote).

(21) Peers, Juliet More than just Gumtrees: a personal, social and artistic history of the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors (MSWPS, 1993). There are four references to Elsie in the book.

(22) There are various articles regarding Elsie Barlow and her role in establishing the Castlemaine Art Gallery - Mount Alexander Mail, August 16, 1913, see here; Young Daily Witness March 26, 1924, see here; Brisbane Courier August 28, 1926, see here; The Age, April 27, 1940, see here; 

(23) William Rowell's obituary The Age , August 22 1946, see here and the report of his retirment from the National Gallery due to ill health in The Argus, July 1, 1946, see here.